federal grant workshops

Precious stones will always be the most valuable as gemstones in their natural state, even if the quality of such a stone is considerably imperfect. Synthetic precious stones are created in laboratories, workshops and factories by a variety of methods.

The composition and physical properties like hardness, density or specific gravity, color, reflective and refractive indexes will be the same as the natural stone or so close that the difference can hardly be detected. When cut, these stones can usually only be identified by examination through a strong microscope to find the distinctive dissimilarities of inclusions and cavities inside the synthetic stone compared to that of a natural stone.

A very large portion of industrial diamonds is created synthetically today. Gem quality synthetic diamonds are very rare. Diamond has a very common composition. Carbon or “C” is what diamonds consist of. Because diamond consists of carbon it is combustible! At temperatures of between eight hundred degrees Celsius and one thousand, seven hundred degrees Celsius, in the absence of oxygen, diamond will decompose into a pile of graphite powder. In the presence of oxygen it will burn out in that temperature range at normal atmospheric pressures.

Graphite is mainly used in the manufacturing process of synthetic diamond. Graphite has a density of 2.2 grams per cubic centimeter; that of diamond is 3.5 grams per cubic centimeter. That gives one an idea of the tremendous pressure that has to be exerted upon the graphite to be “compressed” to the point where the density of the graphite reaches that of diamond. Together with this action, another “property” of the substance also has to be altered; the crystalline structure of diamond differs widely from that of graphite. To accomplish this, together with the pressure applied, intense heat, without the presence of oxygen must also be applied to keep the atoms moving in order to “rearrange” the crystalline structure.

The pressure applied in the manufacturing process is over 100,000 atmospheres (more than 1,500,000 pounds per square inch) and the heat source is a strong electric current that is passed through the center of the press.

General Electric is one of the big synthetic diamond manufacturing companies if not the leading one.

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